Basics of Human Anatomy: Skeletal, Muscular, and Cardiovascular Systems

Understanding the basics of human anatomy is fundamental for anyone interested in fitness science. This knowledge helps you comprehend how the body functions and responds to exercise, enabling you to design effective and safe workout programs.

Skeletal System

1. Overview:

• The skeletal system provides the structural framework for the body, protects internal organs, and facilitates movement through its connection with the muscular system.
• Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

2. Major Functions:

• Support: Provides shape and support to the body.
• Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the heart and lungs).
• Movement: Acts as levers for muscles to pull on, enabling movement.
• Mineral Storage: Stores essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
• Blood Cell Production: Produces blood cells in the bone marrow (hematopoiesis).

3. Key Components:

• Bones: 206 bones in the adult human body, divided into two main groups:
  • Axial Skeleton: Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
  • Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic girdles).
• Joints: Connections between bones that allow for movement and flexibility.
  • Types: Fixed (e.g., skull sutures), slightly movable (e.g., intervertebral discs), and freely movable (e.g., shoulder, knee).

Muscular System

1. Overview:

• The muscular system is responsible for body movement, posture, and heat production.
• Composed of muscle fibers, tendons, and connective tissues.

2. Major Functions: